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Section 23 – Revenue.
23.1.1 Exclusions from Section 23.
23.2.1 Extract from FRS 102-Section 23.3-23.4.
23.2.2.1 Revenue – definition and basic requirements.
23.2.2.1.1 Definition of revenue.
23.2.2.1.2 Recognition criteria.
23.2.2.1.2.1 Definition of probable.
23.2.2.1.2.2 Reliable measurement
23.2.2.1.2.3 Sales incentives/rebates/settlement
23.2.2.1.3 Principal versus agent
23.2.2.1.3.1 Definition of an agent
23.2.2.1.3.2 Definition of a person acting as principal
23.2.2.1.3.3 Indication that a party is acting as principal
23.3.1 Extract from FRS 102- Section 23.5.
23.4 Exchanges of goods or services.
23.4.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 23.6-23.7.
23.5 Identification of the revenue transaction.
23.5.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 23.8-23.9.
23.5.2.2 Assessing whether separable identifiable components exist
23.5.2.2.1 Methods of allocating total consideration between components.
23.5.2.2.1.1 The relative fair value basis.
23.5.2.2.1.2 Cost plus a reasonable margin method.
23.5.2.3 Customer loyalty awards.
23.5.2.3.1 Issues to consider when determining the fair value of an award.
23.6.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Sections 23.10-23.13.
23.6.2.2 Revenue recognition criteria.
23.6.2.1.1 Example of risk and rewards of ownership transferring.
23.6.2.2.2 Assessing whether ongoing managerial involvement exists.
23.6.2.3 Right of return in exchange for cash/vouchers.
23.6.2.7 Sale of extended guarantee.
23.6.2.9 Recognition where risk and rewards of ownership based on shipment terms.
23.6.2.10 Sale of goods with retention of title clause.
23.6.2.11 Bill and hold sales.
23.6.2.12 Goods shipped subject to conditions.
23.6.2.14 Payments in advance.
23.6.2.15 Sale and repurchase agreements.
23.6.2.16 Sales to intermediate parties, such as distributors, dealers or others for Resale.
23.6.2.17 Subscriptions to publications and similar items.
23.6.2.18 Instalment sales, under which the consideration is receivable in instalments.
23.7 Agreements for the construction of real estate.
23.7.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 23A.14-23A.15.
23.8.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Sections 23.14-23.16, 23.21, 23.23-23.24.
23.8.2.1 Service recognition criteria.
23.8.2.1.1 Costs that relate to future activity.
23.8.2.1.2 Reliable measurements not probable.
23.8.2.1.3 Collectability no longer profitable.
23.8.2.1.4 Changes in estimates in revenues.
23.8.2.2 Intermediate number of acts over specified period.
23.8.2.3 Service with a significant act
23.8.2.4 Stage of completion method – 3 methods.
23.8.2.4.1 Proportion of costs method.
23.8.2.5 Other specific examples as extracted from the Appendix to Section 23 of FRS 102.
23.8.2.5.2 Servicing fees included in the price of the product
23.8.2.5.3 Advertising commissions.
23.8.2.5.4 Insurance agency commissions.
23.8.2.5.5 Financial services fees.
23.8.2.5.8 Initiation, entrance and membership fees.
23.8.2.5.9.1 Franchise fees: Supplies of equipment and other tangible assets.
23.8.2.5.9.2 Franchise fees: Supplies of initial and subsequent services.
23.8.2.5.9.3 Franchise fees: Continuing franchise fees.
23.8.2.5.9.4 Franchise fees: Agency transactions.
23.8.2.5.10 Fees from the development of customised software.
23.9.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Sections 23.17-23.27.
23.9.2.1 Definition of construction contract and its importance.
23.9.2.1.1 Requirements of length of a construction contract
23.9.2.2 Combination and segmentation of contracts.
23.9.2.3 Recognition of Contract revenue and contract costs.
23.9.2.4.1 Changes in fair value – reasons.
23.9.2.4.2 Penalties and variations – recognition and impact
23.9.2.4.3 Incentive payments.
23.9.2.5.1 Directly related contract costs.
23.9.2.5.2 Incidental income from directly related costs.
23.9.2.5.3 Costs directly attributable to the contract in general – overhead costs.
23.9.2.5.3.1 Costs excluded from directly attributable overhead costs.
23.9.2.5.4 Directly attributable costs to be excluded (specific costs)
23.9.2.6 Percentage of completion.
23.9.2.6.1 Methods to determine the percentage of completion.
23.9.2.6.1.1 Preparation of costs incurred over total expected costs.
23.9.2.6.1.2 Surveys of work performed.
23.9.2.6.1.3 Completion of physical preparation of contract work.
23.9.2.6.2 Assessment of which method to use.
23.9.2.7 Reliable measurement – stage of completion cost to complete.
23.9.2.8 Loss expected on contract
23.10.1 Extract from FRS102 – Section 23.29(a)
23.11.1 Extract from FRS102 – Section 23.29(b)
23.11.2.2 Assignment of rights.
23.11.2.3 Licence fee or royalty contingent on future events.
23.11.2.4 Points to consider when deciding recognition initially or over a period of time.
23.12.1 Extract from FRS102 – Section 23.29(c)
23.13.1 Extract from FRS102 – Section 23.30.
23.13.2.1 Accounting policies.
23.13.2.1.2 Acconting policy for insuracne broker
23.13.2.1.4 Accountig policy note where turnover is derived from investments.
23.13.2.1.5 Accounting policy for a software company.
23.13.2.1.6 Extract from accounting policy showing royalty income.
23.13.2.1.8 Contracting work – accounting policy.
23.13.2.2 Note to the financial statements.
23.13.2.2.1 Turnover and segmental analysis.
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23.11 Royalties
23.11.1 Extract from FRS102 – Section 23.29(b)
23.29 An entity shall recognise revenue on the following bases:
(b) Royalties shall be recognised on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreement.
23.11.2 OmniPro comment
23.11.2.1 Licensor
The licensor recognises fees and royalties paid for the use of an entity’s assets (such as trademarks, patents, software, music copyright, record masters and motion picture films) in accordance with the substance of the agreement. As a practical matter, this may be on a straight-line basis over the life of the agreement, for example, when a licensee has the right to use specified technology for a specified period of time (Section 23A.34 of FRS 102).
23.11.2.2 Assignment of rights
An assignment of rights for a fixed fee or non-refundable guarantee under a non-cancellable contract that permits the licensee to exploit those rights freely and the licensor has no remaining obligations to perform is, in substance, a sale. An example is a licensing agreement for the use of software when the licensor has no obligations after delivery. Another example is the granting of rights to exhibit a motion picture film in markets in which the licensor has no control over the distributor and expects to receive no further revenues from the box office receipts. In such cases, revenue is recognised at the time of sale (Section 23A.35 of FRS 102).
23.11.2.3 Licence fee or royalty contingent on future events
In some cases, whether or not a licence fee or royalty will be received is contingent on the occurrence of a future event. In such cases, revenue is recognised only when it is probable that the fee or royalty will be received, which is normally when the event has occurred (Section 23A.36 of FRS 102).
23.11.2.4 Points to consider when deciding recognition initially or over a period of time.
Some points that should be considered when deciding whether revenue should be recognised as a sale of goods (as opposed to recognizing revenue over the period) are:
- where there is a fixed or non-refundable fee
- a non-cancellable contract ensuring risk and rewards of ownership transfer
- no software updates to be provided over the remaining period
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Examples
Example 1: Probable or possible criteria on sale.
Example 2: Sales incentives/rebates.
Example 6: Deferred payment example.
Example 7: Deferred payment example.
Example 8: Identifying separable components and allocating relative fair value.
Example 9: Identifying separable components and allocating relative fair value – goods.
Example 10: Relative fair value results in a loss.
Example 11: Cost plus a reasonable margin.
Example 12: Customer loyalty awards
Example 13: Right of return in exchange for cash/vouchers.
Example 15: Discount coupons – buy one get one free.
Example 17: Sale of extended guarantee.
Example 18: Interest free credit
Example 19: Construction real estate – buyer has the right to specify structural design.
Example 20: Construction real estate – buyer has no right to specify structural design.
Example 20A: Reliable measurement
Example 20B: Reliable measurement
Example 21: Stage of completion – detailed in the contract
Example 22: Stage of completion.
Example 23: Proportion of costs method.
Example 24: Insurance agency commissions.
Example 25: – Proportion of cost basis.
Example 26: Inability to reliably measure the contract
Example 28: Application of change in estimate.
Example 29 – Extract from the Accounting policy notes.
Example 32: Extract from notes to the financial statements for revenue derived by brokers.
Example 33: Extract from notes to the financial statements for construction contracts
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