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Section 19 – Introduction
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Section 19 – Analysis
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Section 19 – Analysis
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- Section 1
- Section 2
- Section 3
- Section 4
- Section 5
- Section 6
- Section 7
- Section 8
- Section 9
- Section 10
- Section 11
- Section 12
- Section 13
- Section 14
- Section 15
- Section 16
- Section 17
- Section 18
- Section 19
- Section 20
- Section 21
- Section 22
- Section 23
- Section 24
- Section 25
- Section 26
- Section 27
- Section 28
- Section 29
- Section 30
- Section 31
- Section 32
- Section 33
- Section 34
- Section 35
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- Section 5
- Section 6
- Section 7
- Section 8
- Section 9
- Section 10
- Section 11
- Section 12
- Section 13
- Section 14
- Section 15
- Section 16
- Section 17
- Section 18
- Section 19
- Section 20
- Section 21
- Section 22
- Section 23
- Section 24
- Section 25
- Section 26
- Section 27
- Section 28
- Section 29
- Section 30
- Section 31
- Section 32
- Section 33
- Section 34
- Section 35
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19.1.1 Extracts from FRS102-Sections 19.2
19.2 Business combinations defined
19.2.1 Extracts from FRS 102 – Section 19.3
19.2.2.1 Definition of a business combination
19.2.2.1.1 Definition of a business
19.3 Structure of a business combination
19.3.1 Extracts from FRS 102 – Section 19.4–19.5A
19.4.1 Extracts from FRS102 – Section 19.6-19.7
19.5 Purchase method – Identifying the acquirer
19.5.1 Extracts from FRS102 – Section 19.8 – 19.10 and 19.17
19.5.2.3 New entity formed to effect a business combination where equity issued.
19.5.2.3.1 Control obtained but little or no substance to it
19.5.2.3.2 Identifying the acquirer – where substance to it.
19.5.2.4 Determining the acquistition date for the purpose of Section 19
19.6 Purchase method – Cost of a business combination
19.6.1 Extracts from FRS102 – Section 19.11-19.11A
19.6.2.2.1 Purchase on deferred payment terms
19.6.2.3 Liabilities incurred or assumed
19.6.2.4 Costs directly attributable to the acquisition/ business combination
19.6.2.4.1 Examples of directly attributable cost
19.6.2.4.2 Example of costs not directly attributable
19.6.2.5 Equity issued as consideration for the acquisition
19.6.2.6 Cost where control achieved in stages
19.7 Adjustments to the cost of a business combination contingent on future events
19.7.1 Extracts from FRS102 – Section 19.12-19.13
19.7.2.1 Contingent consideration and change in estimate
19.7.2.1.1 Contingent consideration – probable at the date of acquisition.
19.7.2.1.3 Changes in contingent consideration – change in estimate
19.7.2.1.4 Contingent consideration – No provision booked in year 1
19.7.2.2 Contingency payments relating to further services
19.8 Allocating of the cost of a business combination to the asset acquire and liabilities assured.
19.8.1.1 Extracts from FRS102 – Section 19.14-19.15, 19.18 and 19.20-19.21
19.8.1.2.2 Definition of assets and liabilities
19.8.1.2.2 Determining fair value
19.8.1.2.2.1 Fair value – intentions of acquirer ignored
19.8.1.2.2.1.1 Restructuring provisions
19.8.1.2.2.2 Measurement of contingent liabilities
19.8.1.2.2.2.1 Contingent liability – right of reimbursement
19.8.1.2.2.2.2 Fair valuing contingent consideration
19.8.1.2.2.3 Future losses – non-recognition of liabilities in determining allocation of cost
19.8.1.2.2.5 Determining fair value of intangible assets
19.8.1.2.2.6 Determining fair value of inventory
19.8.1.2.2.8 Determining fair value of investment in associate and joint ventures
19.8.1.2.2.9 Determining fair value of deferred revenue
19.9 Measurement of deferred tax, employee benefit and share based payments
19.9.1 Extracts from FRS102 – Section 19.15A-19.15C
19.10 Purchases method – Subsequent adjustment to fair value and accounting for Goodwill
19.10.1 Extracts from FRS102 – Section 19.16-19.17 and 19.22-19.23
19.10.2.1 Adjustments to fair value of identified assets and liabilities
19.10.2.2 Accounting for calculating goodwill including a journal to reflect business combination.
19.10.2.2.1 Initial recognition of goodwill
19.10.2.2.2 Subsequent recognitions of goodwill
19.10.2.2.3 Journals to reflect the business combination
19.10.2.2.4 Useful life of goodwill
19.10.2.2.4.1 Change in useful economic life
19.11 Business combination achieved in stages
19.11.1 Extracts from FRS102 – Section 19.11A
19.11.2.1.1 Acquiring a further controlling interest
19.11.2.1.2 Disposing of controlling interest but controlling interest retained
19.12.1 Extracts from FRS102 – Section 19.24
19.13.1 Extracts from FRS 102 section 19.27-19.32
19.13.2.2 Group reorganisations and merger accounting
19.14.1 Extracts from FRS 102 section 19.25 – 19.26A
19.14.2.1 Accounting policies positive goodwill – Consolidated financial statements.
19.14.2.2 Example from the notes to the accounts
19.14.2.2.1 Contingent consideration note
19.14.2.3 Parent entity accounting policies
19.14.2.3.1 Extract from notes to the financial statements
19.14.2.5 Profit and Loss Account for parent entity
19.14.2.6 – Negative Goodwill for the financial year
19.15 Disclosures – Group reconstructions
19.15.1 Extracts from FRS 102-Section 19.33
19.15.2.2 Extract from notes to the financial statements
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Section 19 Business Combinations and Goodwill Quick Guide (PDF) (99 downloads )
Summary
Section 19 deals with business combinations.
A business combination is the bringing together of separate entities or businesses into one reporting entity (Section 19.3). All business combinations (other than those that meet the definition of a group reconstruction, and public benefit entities) are accounted using the purchase method of accounting.
What is new?
The period for allowing adjustment to the fair values under Section 19 is the 12-month period after the date of acquisition. These adjustments are adjusted retrospectively (where the 12 months flow into the following year) and as a result a prior year adjustment is required. This contrasts with old GAAP (FRS 7) where the fair value could be adjusted prospectively up until the end of the first full financial year following acquisition.
Under Section 19, positive goodwill should be amortised on a systematic basis over the useful life, which cannot be indefinite. If there is no basis of estimation the default estimate of useful life is 10 years. (Note until the EU Directive 2013/34 has been adopted by Ireland through the enactment of the Companies (Accounting) Act 2016, Irish entities must use a maximum useful life of 5 years in the the absence of a reliable basis of estimation). This compares to old GAAP where the rebuttable presumption was 20 years and in some cases could be considered indefinite. Where under old GAAP a definite useful life was determined then it is likely there will be no change as this would still be applicable. So in practice it should only impact goodwill which was previously considered indefinite.
Section 19 requires an entity to test for impairment if impairment indicators exist. This contrasts with FRS 7 (old GAAP) whereby goodwill which had an indefinite useful life or a life of over 20 years had to be reviewed for impairment annually. This will result in increased amortisation for companies who would previously have determined goodwill to have an indefinite life.
What is different?
Section 19.3 defines a business whereas under old GAAP (FRS 6) this was not defined. This will mean more scrutiny will have to be applied to assess if a business or just assets are being transferred. However, it is unlikely to create any major differences.
Recognition of contingent assets is not allowed under Section 19 whereas under old GAAP (FRS 7) this was allowed.
Section 19 does not require some of the disclosures that are included in FRS 6 (old GAAP) namely:
- Details of provisions for reorganisation and restructuring costs that are included in the liabilities of the acquired entity, and related write downs made in the last 12 months;
- Details disclosed if provisional fair values were utilised and disclosures of subsequent material adjustments to the fair values with corresponding adjustments to goodwill were required to be explained;
- Details of profit after tax and minority interest for periods from beginning of the year
- to date of acquisition ;
- Previously for group reconstructions there were detailed disclosures required however Section 19.25 only requires the method of accounting, and the date of the combination; and
- Under old GAAP, when assessing the fair value of inventory on acquisition, the fair value to be placed on inventory that was not traded in a market in which the acquirer participated as both a buyer and a seller at the date of acquisition was the lower of cost or net realisable value. This compares with FRS 102, where the fair value is based on what it can be sold for in the market irrespective of the market the acquirer operates in.
Other standards affecting Section 19 where differences arise:
Section 10 – Accounting policies, estimates and errors – Section 10 states that an adjustment to fair values require retrospective application which differs from old GAAP where they are adjusted prospectively.
Section 27 – Impairment of assets – This standard provides details of the impairment indicators and how an impairment review is to be carried out.
Section 29 -Income tax – Section 29 states that deferred tax is recognised on differences between acquisition fair value and tax base (including revaluations and intangibles ‘created’ as a result of the combination but excluding goodwill). Deferred tax is set against goodwill. This contrasts with old GAAP where deferred tax was not recognised on differences between acquisition fair value and tax base (only recognised if there was a binding sale).
Section 18 – Intangible assets other than goodwill – The default rate where expected life cannot be measured is 10 years (Note until the EU Directive 2013/34 has been adopted by Ireland through the enactment of the Companies (Accounting) Act 2016, Irish entities must use a maximum useful life of 5 years in absence of a reliable basis of estimation).
Section 18.8 deals with intangible assets acquired in a business combination. An intangible should not be recognised separately from goodwill if fair value cannot be measured reliably, otherwise, recognised at fair value at the date of acquisition. This compares with old GAAP (FRS 10) where it not only requires reliable measurement but also subject to the constraint that, unless the asset had a readily ascertainable market value, the value was limited to an amount that did not create or increase any negative goodwill arising on acquisition. This will mean that it is likely more intangibles will be created on acquisition which will result in less goodwill.
All intangible assets are considered to have a finite life (section 18.19). If an entity is unable to make a reliable measurement, the useful life should not exceed 10 years (currently 5 years for Ireland however subject to the enactment of the EU directive 2013/34 which is expected shortly this will increase to 10 years). This compares to old GAAP, where the presumed useful life should not exceed 20 years and intangible assets could have indefinite lives subject to annual impairment (therefore were not amortised). This will result in increased amortisation for companies and consideration required as to the life of previously determined intangible assets with indefinite lives.
Section 28 – Employee benefits – potential for defined benefit scheme to be included on acquisition where previously it was treated as a defined contribution scheme under old GAAP. However, given the transition exemption as detailed below (where claimed), opening balance for previous combinations will not have to be restated.
Section 35 – Transition to FRS 102 – Exemption not to restate business combinations to the requirements of Section 19 – Goodwill and Business Combinations, for business combinations entered in to prior to the date of transition. However, even where this exemption is availed of, on transition an entity will need to calculate the deferred tax on any fair value adjustments (other than on goodwill) on prior business combinations, with the corresponding amount posted to profit and loss reserves as opposed to goodwill.
What are the key points?
- Goodwill is the difference between the acquirer’s interest in the net amount of identifiable assets acquired and the cost of the business combination. After initial recognition it is carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and impairments;
- Acquired assets/liabilities etc. are initially measured at fair value except deferred tax
- and employee benefits;
- The purchase method of accounting is to be used on all acquisitions with the exception of certain group reconstructions and public benefit entities;
- Contingent consideration is recognised in the purchase cost if probable that it can be reliably measured with subsequent adjustments going to goodwill (Section 19.12). Contingent consideration may need to be present valued depending on the time period;
- Adjustments to the estimates of fair values can be made within 12 months of the acquisition however if the adjustment straddles the following year they must be adjusted for retrospectively;
- Measure non-controlling interest at share of net assets;
- Cost of business combination is the total of fair value of assets given, liabilities assumed and equity instruments issued at each stage of the transaction plus directly attributable costs;
- Test for impairment in line with Section 27 only if impairment indicators exist;
- Negative goodwill is firstly allocated against the fair value of the non-monetary assets in period in which non-monetary assets recovered and the balance against the period in which the entity is likely to benefit;
- Less onerous disclosures under Section 19 than was under FRS 7 (old GAAP);
- Recognise deferred tax on difference between fair values on acquisition and tax base and set this against goodwill;
- Likely to be more amortisation in the profit and loss account due to more intangibles recognised as criteria not as strict as well as a rebuttable assumption where a useful life cannot be reliably measured of 10 years;
- Direct transaction costs capitalised; and
- Merger accounting permitted for group reconstructions where the ultimate equity holders remain the same. Under this method fair valuing is not required.
What do accountants need to do?
Be aware of the differences between Section 19 and old GAAP.
Review the client portfolio for client companies that engage in business acquisitions and combinations and advise them of the differences.
Advise clients of the potential for increased amortisation in the profit and loss if the reliable estimate of the life of goodwill cannot be measured.
Advise clients of the need to retrospectively account for adjustments to and fair values.
Advise companies on the impact on distributable reserves as a result of the need for the recognition of deferred tax on the fair value adjustments. In particular, work with clients who have made acquisitions since the date of transition so that transition adjustments can be determined e.g. any additional intangibles to be recognised or deferred tax (note this includes deferred tax on share acquisitions).
Inform clients who have goodwill which is being amortised over more than 20 years, the non- necessity to do an impairment review on a yearly basis under the new standard.
Work with clients to ensure they review goodwill previously considered to have an indefinite life; and assess whether a life can be determined otherwise inform clients of the consequences of depreciating this over 5/10 years and the impact on profits and distributable reserves.
Advise clients of the transition exemption available not to restate business combinations entered into prior to the date of transition. Advise even where this exemption is availed of, deferred tax on any fair value adjustments will need to be recognised within profit and loss reserves on transition.
What do companies need to do?
Determine whether Section 19 is applicable and if so, determine the difference between Section 19 and old GAAP.
For acquisitions since the date of transition, review the acquisition accounting required under FRS 102 and assess the goodwill and deferred tax adjustments required.
Consider whether work-loads can be reduced given the new requirement for impairment reviews to only be performed once impairment indicators exists.
Assess whether the exemption available in Section 35 not to restate goodwill previously recognised under old GAAP should be claimed.
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Examples
Example 1: Determining a Business.
Example 2: Determining a Business.
Example 3: Identifying the Acquiring Company.
Example 4: Identifying the acquirer
Example 5: Determining cost where control achieved in stages.
Example 6: Changes in contingent consideration – change in estimate.
Example 7: Contingent consideration – No provision booked in year 1.
Example 8: Valuing work in progress.
Example 10: Favorable/unfavorable contract
Example 11: Deferred tax on business combinations
Example 13: Journals to reflect the business combination.
Example 14: Revising the useful life of goodwill
Example 15: Business combination achieved in stages.
Example 16: Acquiring a further controlling interest
Example 17: Acquiring a further controlling interest
Example 18: Disposing of controlling interest but controlling interest retained.
Example 20: Group reorganisations.
Example 23: Extract from notes to the financial statements – contingent consideration note.
Example 27: Extract from the profit and loss account for an entity which is not a parent that holds an investment in a subsidiary, associate/joint venture or an entity that is a parent but consolidated financial statements are not required to be prepared where income is received from an associate/joint venture/subsidiary.
Example 29: Extract from the consolidated Balance Sheet for negative goodwill
Example 30: Extract from the accounting policy notes – Group reconstruction and merger accounting.
Example 31: Extract from notes to the financial statements – Merger Method.
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Section 19 - Transition Adjustments (5 downloads )
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Section 19 Business Combinations and Goodwill Detailed Guide (PDF) (239 downloads )
Downloads
FRS 102 35 Part Differences Quick Guide (859 downloads )
FRS 102 35 Part Differences Guide (581 downloads )
FRS 102 Differences on Transition Checklist (1119 downloads )
FRS 102 Differences on Transition Examples Appendix (1092 downloads )
Fillable Differences on Transition Checklist (866 downloads )
Website Links
Difference Guide – Business Combinations and Goodwill
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Downloads
Section 19 Disclosure Examples (75 downloads )
FRS 102 Disclosure Checklist (PDF) (745 downloads )
Website Links
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