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Section 23 – Revenue

23.1 Scope

23.1.1 Exclusions from Section 23

23.2 Measurement of revenue

23.2.1 Extract from FRS 102-Section 23.3-23.4

23.2.2 OmniPro comment

23.2.2.1 Revenue – definition and basic requirements

23.2.2.1.1 Definition of revenue

23.2.2.1.2 Recognition criteria

23.2.2.1.2.1 Definition of probable

23.2.2.1.2.2 Reliable measurement

23.2.2.1.2.3 Sales incentives/rebates/settlement

23.2.2.1.3 Principal versus agent

23.2.2.1.3.1 Definition of an agent

23.2.2.1.3.2 Definition of a person acting as principal

23.2.2.1.3.3 Indication that a party is acting as principal

23.3 Deferred payment

23.3.1 Extract from FRS 102- Section 23.5

23.3.2 OmniPro comment

23.4 Exchanges of goods or services

23.4.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 23.6-23.7

23.4.2 OmniPro comment

23.5 Identification of the revenue transaction

23.5.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 23.8-23.9

23.5.2 OmniPro comment

23.5.2.1 Overview

23.5.2.2 Assessing whether separable identifiable components exist

23.5.2.2.1 Methods of allocating total consideration between components

23.5.2.2.1.1 The relative fair value basis

23.5.2.2.1.2 Cost plus a reasonable margin method.

23.5.2.3 Customer loyalty awards

23.5.2.3.1 Issues to consider when determining the fair value of an award.

23.6 Sale of goods

23.6.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Sections 23.10-23.13

23.6.2 OmniPro comment

23.6.2.1 Overview

23.6.2.2 Revenue recognition criteria

23.6.2.1.1 Example of risk and rewards of ownership transferring

23.6.2.2.2 Assessing whether ongoing managerial involvement exists.

23.6.2.3 Right of return in exchange for cash/vouchers

23.6.2.4 Retention of title

23.6.2.5 Discount coupon

23.6.2.6 Gift vouchers

23.6.2.7 Sale of extended guarantee

23.6.2.8 Interest free credit

23.6.2.9 Recognition where risk and rewards of ownership based on shipment terms

23.6.2.10 Sale of goods with retention of title clause

23.6.2.11 Bill and hold sales

23.6.2.12 Goods shipped subject to conditions

23.6.2.13 Lawaway sales

23.6.2.14 Payments in advance

23.6.2.15 Sale and repurchase agreements

23.6.2.16 Sales to intermediate parties, such as distributors, dealers or others for Resale

23.6.2.17 Subscriptions to publications and similar items

23.6.2.18 Instalment sales, under which the consideration is receivable in instalments

23.7 Agreements for the construction of real estate

23.7.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 23A.14-23A.15

23.7.2 OmniPro comment

23.8 Rendering of services

23.8.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Sections 23.14-23.16, 23.21, 23.23-23.24

23.8.2 OmniPro comment

23.8.2.1 Service recognition criteria

23.8.2.1.1 Costs that relate to future activity

23.8.2.1.2 Reliable measurements not probable.

23.8.2.1.3 Collectability no longer profitable

23.8.2.1.4 Changes in estimates in revenues

23.8.2.2 Intermediate number of acts over specified period

23.8.2.3 Service with a significant act

23.8.2.4 Stage of completion method – 3 methods

23.8.2.4.1 Proportion of costs method

23.8.2.4.2 Other methods

23.8.2.5 Other specific examples as extracted from the Appendix to Section 23 of FRS 102.

23.8.2.5.1 Installation fees

23.8.2.5.2 Servicing fees included in the price of the product

23.8.2.5.3 Advertising commissions

23.8.2.5.4 Insurance agency commissions

23.8.2.5.5 Financial services fees

23.8.2.5.6 Admission fees

23.8.2.5.7 Tuition fees

23.8.2.5.8 Initiation, entrance and membership fees

23.8.2.5.9 Franchise fees

23.8.2.5.9.1 Franchise fees: Supplies of equipment and other tangible assets

23.8.2.5.9.2 Franchise fees: Supplies of initial and subsequent services

23.8.2.5.9.3 Franchise fees: Continuing franchise fees

23.8.2.5.9.4 Franchise fees: Agency transactions

23.8.2.5.10 Fees from the development of customised software

23.9 Construction contracts

23.9.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Sections 23.17-23.27

23.9.2 OmniPro comment

23.9.2.1 Definition of construction contract and its importance

23.9.2.1.1 Requirements of length of a construction contract

23.9.2.2 Combination and segmentation of contracts

23.9.2.3 Recognition of Contract revenue and contract costs

23.9.2.3.1 Profit Margins

23.9.2.4 Contract revenue

23.9.2.4.1 Changes in fair value – reasons

23.9.2.4.2 Penalties and variations – recognition and impact

23.9.2.4.3 Incentive payments

23.9.2.5 Contract costs

23.9.2.5.1 Directly related contract costs

23.9.2.5.2 Incidental income from directly related costs

23.9.2.5.3 Costs directly attributable to the contract in general – overhead costs

23.9.2.5.3.1 Costs excluded from directly attributable overhead costs

23.9.2.5.4 Directly attributable costs to be excluded (specific costs)

23.9.2.6 Percentage of completion

23.9.2.6.1 Methods to determine the percentage of completion

23.9.2.6.1.1 Preparation of costs incurred over total expected costs

23.9.2.6.1.2 Surveys of work performed

23.9.2.6.1.3 Completion of physical preparation of contract work

23.9.2.6.2 Assessment of which method to use

23.9.2.7 Reliable measurement – stage of completion cost to complete

23.9.2.8 Loss expected on contract

23.9.2.9 Change in estimate

23.10 Interest

23.10.1 Extract from FRS102 – Section 23.29(a)

23.10.2 OmniPro comment

23.11 Royalties

23.11.1 Extract from FRS102 – Section 23.29(b)

23.11.2 OmniPro comment

23.11.2.1 Licensor

23.11.2.2 Assignment of rights

23.11.2.3 Licence fee or royalty contingent on future events

23.11.2.4 Points to consider when deciding recognition initially or over a period of time.

23.12 Dividends

23.12.1 Extract from FRS102 – Section 23.29(c)

23.12.2 OmniPro comment

23.13 Disclosures

23.13.1 Extract from FRS102 – Section 23.30

23.13.2 OmniPro comment

23.13.2.1 Accounting policies

23.13.2.1.1 Turnover General

23.13.2.1.2 Acconting policy for insuracne broker

23.13.2.1.3 Accounting policy for a manafacturng company that produces, installs and also engages in long term contracts usng the stage of completion

23.13.2.1.4 Accountig policy note where turnover is derived from investments.

23.13.2.1.5 Accounting policy for a software company

23.13.2.1.6 Extract from accounting policy showing royalty income.

23.13.2.1.7 Accounting policy where agreement exists for construction of real estate where recognised only when risk and rewards transfer as opposed to using precentage completion

23.13.2.1.8 Contracting work – accounting policy

23.13.2.2 Note to the financial statements

23.13.2.2.1 Turnover and segmental analysis

23.13.2.2.2 Brokers

23.13.2.2.3 Debtors

23.13.2.2.4 Creditors

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Examples

Example 1: Redeemable preference shares at option of the holder with mandatory coupon. 

Example 2: Non-redeemable preference shares with mandatory coupon at market rate. 

Example 3: Non-redeemable preference shares with mandatory coupon at non-market rate or at market rate with option of entity to pay. 

Example 4: Shares redeemable at the option of the holder 

Example 5:  Non-redeemable preference shares with discretionary dividend. 

Example 6:  Redeemable preference shares at option of issuer with discretionary dividend. 

Example 7:  Redeemable preference shares at option of issuer with mandatory dividend. 

Example 8:  Mandatory redeemable preference shares at fixed amount at a fixed or future date with mandatory dividend  

Example 9:  Mandatory redeemable preference shares at fixed amount at a fixed or future date with dividend payable at the discretion of the issuer 

Example 10:  Redeemable preference shares at holder’s option at some future date with dividend payable at the discretion of the issuer 

Example 11: Preference shares with dividends payable at the discretion of the issuer and only redeemable on the liquidation of the company. 

Example 11A: Preference shares/bonds convertible with a mandatory coupon redeemable at the option at the holder, into a fixed number of ordinary shares at any time up to maturity. 

Example 12: Preference shares issued which can be redeemed/converted for no set number of share in the future but based on amount subscribed. 

Example 13: Fixed for fixed arrangement 

Example 13A: Application of Section 22.3(b)(ii) of FRS 102. 

Example 13B: Future contingency amount 

Example 13C: Future contingency. 

Example 14: Accounting treatment on original issue of shares. 

Example 15: Accounting treatment on original issue of shares – left as unpaid. 

Example 16: Capitalisation/bonus issue. 

Example 17: Accounting treatment for a compound financial instrument 

Example 18: compound instrument where conversion is chosen. 

Example 19: compound instrument where conversion is chosen. 

Example 20: Accounting for transaction costs in acquiring a compound financial instrument 

Example 21: Acquiring a further controlling interest 

Example 22: Acquiring a further controlling interest 

Example 23: Disposing of controlling interest but controlling interest retained. 

Example 24: Extract of Statement of Changes in Equity from financial statements. 

Example 25: Extract from accounting policies note. 

Example 27: Extract from notes to the financial statements – share capital 

Example 28: Extract from notes to the financial statements – dividends on equity shares. 

Example 29: Extract from notes to the financial statements – disclosure of preference dividend/convertible loan in interest payable. 

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