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Section 20: Leases.
20.2.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.1-20.2.
20.2.2 OmniPro comment – Scope.
20.3 Determining whether an arrangement contains a lease.
20.3.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.3- 20.3A.
20.4 Classification of leases.
20.4.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.4- 20.7.
20.4.2.1 Risks and rewards of ownership.
20.4.2.2 Lease term defined and major part of an asset life – option to extend.
20.4.2.4 Indicators suggesting a finance lease exists.
20.4.2.4.1 Option to purchase at end of lease – put and call options / residual value guarantees.
20.4.2.4.2 Meaning of substantially in respect to present value of future payment
20.5 Change in lease classification.
20.5.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.8.
20.6 Initial recognition and subsequent measurement-financial statements of lessees: finance leases
20.6.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.9- 20.12.
20.6.2.2 Interest rate implicit in the lease.
20.6.2.3 Minimum lease payments including options to extend.
20.6.2.4 Depreciation of leased assets.
20.6.2.6 Lessee: Initial and subsequent measurement – finance lease.
20.7.1 Initial Recognition and subsequent measurement
20.7.1.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.15-20.15B.
20.7.1.2.2 Time when expense is recognised.
20.7.1.2.3 Costs directly incurred in negotiating/arranging lease.
20.7.1.2.4 Treatment of termination penalties.
20.7.1.2.5 Operating leases with payment linked to other variables.
20.8 Initial recognition and subsequent measurement -financial statements of lessors: finance leases
20.8.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.17-20.19.
20.9 Manufacturer or dealer lessors.
20.9.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.20-20.22.
20.10 Financial statements of lessors: operating leases.
20.10.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.24-20.25 and Section 20.27-20.29.
20.10.1.1 Recognition and measurement
20.10.1.2.2 Time when expense is recognised.
20.10.1.2.3 Costs directly incurred in negotiating/arranging lease.
20.10.1.2.4 Operating lease with payments linked to other variables.
20.10.1.2.5 Lease incentives – lesser
20.11 Sale and leaseback transactions.
20.11.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.32-20.34.
20.11.2.1 Sales and lease back defined.
20.11.2.2 Sales and lease back – finance lease.
20.11.2.3 Sales and lease back – operating lease.
20.12.1 Disclosures for operating leases – Lessors.
20.12.1.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.30.
20.12.1.2.1 Accounting policy note.
20.12.1.2.2 Extract from notes to the financial statements.
20.12.2 Disclosures – Operating leases for lessees.
20.12.2.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.
20.12.2.2.1 Accounting policy example.
20.12.2.2.2 Notes to the financial statements.
20.12.3 Sale and leaseback disclosures.
20.12.3.1 Extract from FRS 102 Section 20.35.
20.12.4 Disclosures – financial statements of lessees: finance leases.
20.12.4.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.13- 20.14.
20.12.4.2.1 Accounting policy disclosures.
20.12.4.2.2 Extract from notes to the financial statements.
20.12.5 Disclosures – financial statements of lessors: finance leases.
20.12.5.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.23.
20.12.5.2.1 Accounting policy disclosure.
20.12.5.2.2 Extract from notes to the financial statements
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The below extracts and guidance is applicable for periods beginning before 1 January 2019 and are based on the September 2015 version of FRS 102. For periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019, the March 2018 version of FRS 102 applies which incorporates the changes made by the Triennial review of FRS 102. Note the March 2018 version of FRS 102 can be voluntarily applies for periods beginning before 1 January 2019. For the extracts from the March 2018 version of FRS 102 and the related guidance please click on the following link. For details of a summary of the main changes as a result of the triennial review please see the following link.
20.12 Disclosures
20.12.1 Disclosures for operating leases – Lessors
20.12.1.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.30
20.30 A lessor shall disclose the following for operating leases:
(a) the future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases for
each of the following periods:
(i) not later than one year;
(ii) later than one year and not later than five years; and
(iii) later than five years;
(b) total contingent rents recognised as income; and
(c) a general description of the lessor’s significant leasing arrangements, including, for example, information about contingent rent, renewal or purchase options and escalation clauses, and restrictions imposed by lease arrangements. 20.31 In addition, the requirements for disclosure about assets in accordance with Sections 17 and 27 apply to lessors for assets provided under operating leases.
20.12.1.2 OmniPro comment
Section 20.30 of FRS 102 provides the disclosure requirements for operating leases for lessors.
See below illustration of the above points.
20.12.1.2.1 Accounting policy note
Example 10A: Extract from an accounting policy note and the related disclosures – Operating Lease
Lessors
Leases
(i) Operating leases
Leases in which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the lessor are classified as operating leases. Payments received under operating leases (net of any incentives provided to the lessee) are recognised as income in the profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease.
(ii) Lease incentives
Incentives received to enter into a finance lease reduce the fair value of the asset and are included in the calculation of present value of future minimum lease payments.
Incentives received to enter into an operating lease are debited to the profit and loss account, to reduce the lease income, on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease.
20.12.1.2.2 Extract from notes to the financial statements
Commitments
At 31 December 201X, the company had the following annual receipts under non-cancellable operating leases that expire as follows:
| 2015 | 2014 | |
| CU | CU | |
| Within one year | 100,000 | 145,000 |
| Within two to five years | 145,000 | 100,000 |
| Greater than five years | – | – |
| 245,000 | 245,000 |
20.12.2 Disclosures – Operating leases for lessees
20.12.2.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.16
20.16 A lessee shall make the following disclosures for operating leases:
(a) the total of future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases for each of the following periods:
(i) not later than one year;
(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;
AND
(iii) later than five years; and
(b) lease payments recognised as an expense.
20.12.2.2 OmniPro comment
Section 20.16 of FRS 102 provides the disclosure requirements for lessees in relation to operating leases See below for application of these requirements. These differ from old GAAP as the total lease payments are required to be disclosed. Note it is the actual payments that are disclosed. The release of the lease incentive is ignored if applicable.
20.12.2.2.1 Accounting policy example
Example 11: Extract from an accounting policy note operating leases for lessees and related disclosure notes
Leases
(i) Operating leases
Leases in which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the lessor are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the lessor) are charged to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease.
(ii) Lease incentives
Incentives received to enter into a finance lease reduce the fair value of the asset and are included in the calculation of present value of future minimum lease payments.
Incentives received to enter into an operating lease are credited to the profit and loss account, to reduce the lease expense, on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease.
20.12.2.2.2 Notes to the financial statements
Extract from notes to the financial statements
- Operating Profit
Operating profit is stated after charging:
| 2015 | 2014 | |
| CU | CU | |
| Depreciation | 149,999 | 170,037 |
| Directors’ remuneration: | 212,000 | 225,600 |
| Impairment of assets/goodwill | – | – |
| Profit of disposal of fixed assets | – | – |
| Rentals under operating leases net of lease incentives | – | – |
| Auditors’ remuneration | ||
| Audit | 13,000 | 13,000 |
| Non audit services | 3,000 | 3,000 |
| Tax Advisory | 3,225 | 3,225 |
Commitments
At 31 December 2015, the company had the following commitments under non-cancellable operating leases that expire as follows:
| 2015 | 2014 | |
| CU | CU | |
| Within one year | 100,000 | 145,000 |
| Within two to five years | 145,000 | 100,000 |
| Greater than five years | – | – |
| 245,000 | 245,00 |
20.12.3 Sale and leaseback disclosures
20.12.3.1 Extract from FRS 102 Section 20.35
20.35 Disclosure requirements for lessees and lessors apply equally to sale and leaseback transactions. The required description of significant leasing arrangements includes description of unique or unusual provisions of the agreement or terms of the sale and leaseback transactions
20.12.3.2 OmniPro comment
Section 20.35 of FRS 102 makes it clear the lesser and the lessee must disclose a description of the significant lease transaction including details of unique or unusual provisions of the agreement/terms.
20.12.4 Disclosures – financial statements of lessees: finance leases
20.12.4.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.13- 20.14
20.13 A lessee shall make the following disclosures for finance leases:
(a) for each class of asset, the net carrying amount at the end of the reporting period;
(b) the total of future minimum lease payments at the end of the reporting period, for each of the following periods:
(i) not later than one year;
(ii) later than one year and not later than five years; and
(iii) later than five years;
AND
(c) a general description of the lessee’s significant leasing arrangements including for example, information about contingent rent, renewal or purchase options and escalation clauses, subleases, and restrictions imposed by lease arrangements.
20.14 In addition, the requirements for disclosure about assets in accordance with Sections 17 and 27 apply to lessees for assets leased under finance leases.
20.12.4.2 OmniPro comment
See application of the disclosure requirements of sections 20.13 to 20.14 of FRS 102 in the examples below
20.12.4.2.1 Accounting policy disclosures
Example 12: Extract from an accounting policy note and related disclosures for financial statements of lessees: finance leases
Leases
Finance leases
Leases in which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred by the lessor are classified as finance leases.
Tangible fixed assets acquired under finance leases are capitalised at the lease’s commencement at the lower of the fair value of the leased property and the present value of the minimum lease payments and are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives. The capital element of the lease obligation is recorded as a liability and the interest element of the finance lease rentals is charged to the profit and loss account on an annuity basis.
Each lease payment is apportioned between the liability and finance charges using the effective interest method.
20.12.4.2.2 Extract from notes to the financial statements
1 CREDITORS: AMOUNTS FALLING DUE WITHIN 1 YEAR
| 2015 | 2014 | |
| CU | CU | |
| Trade creditors | 708,675 | 475,652 |
| Other creditors and accruals | 259,551 | 284,139 |
| Bank Loans and overdrafts | 1,066,950 | 2,078,451 |
| Finance Lease | 85,198 | 39,933 |
| Corporation tax due | 280,351 | 64,812 |
| Other Taxation and Social Security | 25,665 | 26,245 |
| Deferred Tax |
7,481 ________ |
4,625 ________ |
| 2,433,871 | 2,973,863 |
2 CREDITORS: AMOUNTS FALLING DUE AFTER MORE THAN ONE YEAR
| 2015 | 2014 | |
| CU | CU | |
| Bank Loans | 1,903,810 | 2,130,125 |
| Warranty obligation | 65,000 | – |
| Finance lease | 147,400 | – |
| 8% Preference Shares | 104,000 | – |
| Share appreciation rights | 15,000 | – |
| 2,235,210 | 2,130,125 |
| Hire purchase contracts – maturity and security | 2015 | 2014 |
| CU | CU | |
| Future minimum payments under hire purchase agreements are as follows: | ||
| In one year or less | 14,049 | 13,000 |
|
In more than one year, but not more than five years In greater than 5 years |
5,136 –
|
4,200
|
| Total gross payments | 19,185 | 16,200 |
| Less hire purchase charges included above |
(1,329)
|
(1,000)
|
| 17,856 | 15,200 |
The company has an option to purchase the assets at the end of their lives for a normal amount.
Note to be included under the tangible fixed asset note
The following assets were held under finance lease:
| 2015 | 2014 | ||
| CU | CU | ||
| Net Book Value | 66,884 | 129,389 | |
| Depreciation Charge for the Year | 29,015 | 31,317 |
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Example 1: Residual value guarantee.
Example 2: Changes in lease classification.
Example 3: Accounting for finance leases – initial recognition and subsequent measurement– Lessee
Example 4: Operating lease with inflationary increases.
Example 4A: Leases linked to general inflation indexes.
Example 6: Finance lease accounting for the lessor
Example 7: Finance lease accounting for the lessor – change in residual value.
Example 8: Operating lease with inflationary increases.
Example 10: Sale and Leaseback
Example 10A: Extract from an accounting policy note and the related disclosures – Operating Lease.
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20.12.5 Disclosures – financial statements of lessors: finance leases
20.12.5.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 20.23
20.23 A lessor shall make the following disclosures for finance leases:
(a) a reconciliation between the gross investment in the lease at the end of the reporting period, and the present value of minimum lease payments receivable at the end of the reporting period. In addition, a lessor shall disclose the gross investment in the lease and the present value of minimum lease payments receivable at the end of the reporting period, for each of the following periods:
(i) not later than one year;
(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;
AND
(iii) later than five years;
(b) unearned finance income;
(c) the unguaranteed residual values accruing to the benefit of the lessor;
(d) the accumulated allowance for uncollectible minimum lease payments receivable;
(e) contingent rents recognised as income in the period; and
(f) a general description of the lessor’s significant leasing arrangements, including, for example, information about contingent rent, renewal or purchase options and escalation clauses, subleases, and restrictions imposed by lease arrangements.
20.12.5.2 OmniPro comment
See application of the disclosures required by section 20.23 of FRS 102 in the examples below
20.12.5.2.1 Accounting policy disclosure
Example 13: Extract from an accounting policy note and related disclosures for financial statements of lessors: finance leases
Gross earnings
Gross earnings comprises the finance charge element of lease rentals, the profit or loss generated on the termination of lease agreements and administration fees pertaining to lease agreements. Gross earnings are stated net of trade rebates and trade discounts, and exclusive of value added tax.
Finance lease and hire purchase agreements
Finance charges are allocated to periods so as to give a constant rate of return on the net cash investment in the lease. The total net investment included in the balance sheet represents total lease payments receivable, net of finance charges relating to future periods. Bad debts are charged to the profit and loss account in the period in which they occur. Recoveries of bad debts previously charged to the profit and loss account are credited to the profit and loss account upon recovery of the bad debt. The net investment in finance lease and hire purchase agreements is stated net of a bad and doubtful debt provision.
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20.12.5.2.2 Extract from notes to the financial statements
All of the assets were acquired from other group undertakings. Assets relating to agreements terminated during the first three years of the primary term, for reasons other than upgrade or settlement, are the subject of a ‘buyback’ agreement. The buyback value is dependent on the age of the asset and is calculated as a percentage of the capital value of the asset. The residual value is assumed to be nil at the end of the lease term.
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