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Contents
2.2 Objective of financial statements.
2.2.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 2.1A-2.3.
2.3 Qualitative characteristics of information in financial statements.
2.3.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 2.4-2.14.
2.4 Definition of an asset and recognition criteria.
2.4.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 2.15(a), Section 2.17-2.19, Section 2.29 and Section 2.37-2.38.
2.4.2.2 When an asset is to be recognised.
2.5 Definition of a liability and recognition criteria.
2.5.2.2 Recognition criteria for a liability.
2.6.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 2.15(c) and Section 2.22.
2.7 Definition and recognition of Income/revenue.
2.7.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 2.23(a), Section 2.25 and Section 2.41.
2.7.2.2 Identifying revenue from other income/gains.
2.7.2.3 Recognition of income.
2.8 Definition and recognition of expenses.
2.8.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 2.23(b), Section 2.26 and Section 2.42.
2.8.2.1 Definition of an expense.
2.8.2.2 Recognition of an expense.
2.8.2.3 Identifying expenses from losses.
2.8 Measurement of assets, liabilities, income and expenses.
2.8.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 2.33-.2.34.
2.9 Pervasive recognition and measurement principles.
2.9.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 2.35.
2.10.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 2.36.
2.11 Recognition in financial statements.
2.11.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 2.43-2.45.
2.12.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 2.52.
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2.4 Definition of an asset and recognition criteria
2.4.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 2.15(a), Section 2.17-2.19, Section 2.29 and Section 2.37-2.38
2.15 The financial position of an entity is the relationship of its assets, liabilities and equity as of a specific date as presented in the statement of financial position. These are defined as follows:
(a) An asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity.
2.17 The future economic benefit of an asset is its potential to contribute, directly or indirectly, to the flow of cash and cash equivalents to the entity. Those cash flows may come from using the asset or from disposing of it.
2.18 Many assets, for example property, plant and equipment, have a physical form. However, physical form is not essential to the existence of an asset. Some assets are intangible.
2.19 In determining the existence of an asset, the right of ownership is not essential. Thus, for example, property held on a lease is an asset if the entity controls the benefits that are expected to flow from the property.
2.29 The concept of probability is used in the first recognition criterion to refer to the degree of uncertainty that the future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to or from the entity. Assessments of the degree of uncertainty attaching to the flow of future economic benefits are made on the basis of the evidence relating to conditions at the end of the reporting period available when the financial statements are prepared. Those assessments are made individually for individually significant items, and for a group for a large population of individually insignificant items.
Recognition criteria
2.37 An entity shall recognise an asset in the statement of financial position when it is probable that the future economic benefits will flow to the entity and the asset has a cost or value that can be measured reliably. An asset is not recognised in the statement of financial position when expenditure has been incurred for which it is considered not probable that economic benefits will flow to the entity beyond the current reporting period. Instead such a transaction results in the recognition of an expense in the statement of comprehensive income (or in the income statement, if presented).
2.38 An entity shall not recognise a contingent asset as an asset. However, when the flow of future economic benefits to the entity is virtually certain, then the related asset is not a contingent asset, and its recognition is appropriate.
2.4.2 OmniPro comment
2.4.2.1 Asset defined
The definition in Section 2.15 of FRS 102 identifies what an asset is, it does not provide guidance on whether it should be recognised or not. To summarise an asset is:
- A resource controlled by an entity; and
- It has an ability to derive future economic benefits in the form of cash or cash equivalents.
As per Section 2.17 of FRS 102 the future economic benefit of an asset is its potential to contribute, directly or indirectly, to the flow of cash and cash equivalents to the entity. An asset does not have to have a physical form, it can also be intangible (See Section 18 of FRS 102).
2.4.2.1.1 Right of ownership
Section 2.19 of FRS 102 makes it clear that the existence of ownership of an asset is not essential, an important concept is that the asset gives the entity substantially all of the risks are rewards of ownership. For example finance leases and hire purchases. See Section 20-Leases for further details.
2.4.2.2 When an asset is to be recognised
An asset is only recognised on the balance sheet if (Section 2.37 of FRS 102):
- It is probable (i.e. more likely than not) that the economic benefits will flow to the entity except for contingent assets
- Contingent assets should only be recognised when it is virtually certain. They should only be disclosed if the right to future economic benefits is probable. If they are remote no disclosure is required. Examples with regard to contingent assets are included in Section 21 of FRS 102 (Provisions) – See 21.7.2.1.
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Examples
Example 1: Turnover/revenue versus other income.
Example 2: Turnover/revenue versus other income.
Example 3: Turnover/revenue versus other income.
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