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Section 10 – Accounting Policies, Estimates and Errors
10.2 Selection and application of accounting policies
10.2.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 10.2-10.6
10.3 Consistency of accounting policies
10.3.1 Extract from FRS 102- Section 10.7
10.3.2 OmniPro comment – Consistency of accounting policies
10.4 Changes in accounting policies
10.4.1 Extracts from FRS 102 – Section 10.8 – 10.10A
10.4.2.1 Definition of change in accounting policy
10.4.2.2 Changes in accounting policies and one exception to retrospective adjustment
10.4.2.3 Examples of changes in accounting policy
10.4.2.4 Examples of items which are not changes in accounting policies
10.5 Applying changes in accounting policies
10.5.1 Extracts from FRS 102 – Section 10.11
10.5.2.1 Change in accounting policy due to a change to requirements issued by the FRC
10.5.2.2 Change in accounting policy due to adoption of IAS 39 or IAS 33
10.5.2.3 Change in accounting policy due to other reasons (Section 10.11 (c) of FRS 102)
10.6 Retrospective application
10.6.1 Extracts from FRS 102 – Section 10.12
10.6.2 OmniPro comment – Retrospective application – change in accounting policy
10.7 Disclosure of a change in accounting policy
10.7.1 Extracts from FRS 102-Section 10.13 – 10.14
10.8 Changes in accounting estimates
10.8.1 Extracts from FRS102 section 10.15 – 10.18
10.8.2 OmniPro comment – change in accounting estimates
10.8.2.2 Examples of change in accounting estimate
10.8.2.3: Revising residual value – worked example
10.8.2.4: Disclosure of accounting estimates
10.9 Corrections of prior period errors
10.9.1 Extracts from FRS102 section 10.19 – 10.23
10.9.2.1 Assessment and accounting for a prior period error
10.9.2.2 Disclosures of prior period errors
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10.8 Changes in Accounting Estimates
10.8.1 Extracts from FRS102 section 10.15 – 10.18
10.15 A change in accounting estimate is an adjustment of the carrying amount of an asset or a liability, or the amount of the periodic consumption of an asset, that results from the assessment of the present status of, and expected future benefits and obligations associated with, assets and liabilities.
Changes in accounting estimates result from new information or new developments and, accordingly, are not corrections of errors. When it is difficult to distinguish a change in an accounting policy from a change in an accounting estimate, the change is treated as a change in an accounting estimate.
10.16 An entity shall recognise the effect of a change in an accounting estimate, other than a change to which paragraph 10.17 applies, prospectively by including it in profit or loss in:
(a) the period of the change, if the change affects that period only; or
(b) the period of the change and future periods, if the change affects both.
10.17 To the extent that a change in an accounting estimate gives rise to changes in assets and liabilities, or relates to an item of equity, the entity shall recognise it by adjusting the carrying amount of the related asset, liability or equity item in the period of the change.
Disclosure of a change in estimate
10.18 An entity shall disclose the nature of any change in an accounting estimate and the effect of the change on assets, liabilities, income and expense for the current period. If it is practicable for the entity to estimate the effect of the change in one or more future periods, the entity shall disclose those estimates.
10.8.2 OmniPro comment – change in accounting estimates
10.8.2.1 Overview and rules
Given that estimates are a fundamental feature in financial statements, Section 10.16 of FRS 102 recognises this and states where a change in estimate occurs then this is adjusted for prospectively i.e. a prior year adjustment is not required.
Section 10.17 of FRS 102 makes it clear, where there is a change in estimate and the effect of the change is on assets, liabilities or equity, then the asset, liability, equity is adjusted for the change as applicable in the current reporting period.
A change in estimate can occur due to developments in a situation which occurred after the date the last financial statements were issued as is clear from Section 10.15 of FRS 102. At the time of issue, the estimate included was based on the facts and circumstances at that time. It was not a correction of errors.
10.8.2.2 Examples of change in accounting estimate
Examples of a change in accounting estimates include:
- a reassessment of the residual value, useful lifes of property, plant and equipment and similar assets
- an over/understatement of a bad debt provision where more or less was received than what was expected but the provision was based on the best available evidence at the time of preparing the prior year accounts.
- Change in estimated payment for contingent consideration
- Over/under accruals in the prior year which were not due to errors but instead due to facts coming to light after the financial statements were signed
- Provision for obsolete, slow moving stock
- Warranty provisions
- Recoverability of deferred tax assets
- Change in functional currency due to a change in circumstances
10.8.2.3: Revising residual value – worked example
Example 2: Revising a residual value of an asset
In year 1 an asset was purchased for CU100,000. It had an estimated life of 6 years. Its estimated residual value was estimated to be CU10,000. This residual value was assessed for indicators of change at each year end and there were no issues up to the end of year 4. During year 5 and at the end of year 5, due to a change in the market for this type of asset the residual value increased to CU20,000 (being the present value of future residual amount). At the end of year 4, the asset had a carrying amount as follows:
| Cost | CU100,000 |
| Residual Value | (CU10,000) |
| Depreciable Amount | CU90,000 |
| Depreciation
(90,000 / 6 yrs * 4 yrs) |
(CU60,000) |
| Carrying Amount | CU30,000 |
In year 5, the residual amount is CU20,000, therefore the depreciable amount is CU80,000. Deducting depreciation charged to date of CU60,000 leaves CU20,000 to be depreciated over the remaining useful life of 2 years. Therefore, depreciation of CU10,000 is charged in year 5 and year 6. Disclosure of the change in estimate would be required in the financial statements detailing the effect on current and future years.
If we take this example and assume the residual value increases to CU50,000, then the carrying amount in year 5 of CU30,000 is in excess of the residual amount. Therefore no depreciation is required in year 5 and 6 and any over depreciation is not reversed. Disclosure of the change in estimate would be required in the financial statements.
Example 3: Revising a useful life of an asset
In year 1 an asset was purchased for CU100,000. It had an estimated life of 10 years with a nil residual value. At the start of year 6, the company re-assessed the useful lifes and determined that only two years remained. The carrying value at the end of year 5 was CU50,000. Therefore with effect from the start of year 6, depreciation of CU25,000 would be charged i.e. CU50,000/2 years remaining life.
Disclosure of the change in estimate would be required in the financial statements.
10.8.2.4: Disclosure of accounting estimates
The disclosure requirements for a change in accounting estimate are detailed in Section 10.18 of FRS 102. Disclosure is required of the nature of the change, the effect on the assets, liabilities, income and expenses in the current period and if practicable, disclosure of the impact on future periods.
Detailed below is an example of a disclosure requirement for a change in the depreciation rates used (i.e. a change in estimate) and a change in functional currency.
Example 4: Change in accounting estimate disclosure
During the year ended 31 December 201X the company changed its depreciation method for freehold buildings and leasehold improvements to depreciating same over 50 years on a straight line basis as opposed to 10 years. The effect of same was to reduce the depreciation charge by CU680,000 for the current year. In future years the depreciation charge will be extended whereby the depreciation charge will be lower but will go on for a longer period of time as it is being depreciated over its useful life. The depreciation charge will reduce by CUXXX per year in future years as a result. The reason for the change in depreciation method is that the new policy more correctly reflects the useful life of these assets.
Example 5: Change in functional currency – extract from notes to the financial statements:
The company changed functional currency from Sterling (“£”) to United States Dollar (“US$”) on 31 December 2014. This change arose as a result of the acquisition of the company by a larger group. As a result, a change was made to the cost and funding structure such that the primary economic environment in which the company operates resulted in a change in functional currency to US$.
The 2014 results and financial position for comparative purposes were retranslated to US$ as follows:
- Assets and liabilities at the closing rate of 1.6184 as at 31 December 2014
- Income and expenses for 2014 are retranslated at the 2014 average rate of 1.6259
- All resulting exchange differences were recognised as a separate component of equity, described as the exchange rate reserve.
| Restated | |||||||
| 2014 | 2014 | ||||||
| US$ | € | ||||||
| Turnover | |||||||
| Cost of sales | 237,601 | 146,134 | |||||
| (220,264) | (135,471) | ||||||
| Gross profit | |||||||
| Administrative expenses | 17,337 | 10,663 | |||||
| Other operating income | (16,066) | (9,882) | |||||
| – | – | ||||||
| Operating profit | |||||||
| Interest receivable | 1,270 | 781 | |||||
| Interest payable and similar expenses | – | – | |||||
| (355) | (218) | ||||||
| Profit before taxation | |||||||
| Tax on profit | 916 | 563 | |||||
| (416) | (256) | ||||||
| Profit / (loss) for the financial period after taxation | |||||||
| 499 | 307 | ||||||
| Restated | |||||||
| 2014 | 2014 | ||||||
| US$ | € | ||||||
| Turnover | 237,601 | 146,134 | |||||
| Cost of sales | (220,264) | (135,471) | |||||
| Gross profit | 17,337 | 10,663 | |||||
| Administrative expenses | (16,066) | (9,882) | |||||
| Other operating income | – | – | |||||
| Operating profit | 1,270 | 781 | |||||
| Interest receivable | – | – | |||||
| Interest payable and similar expenses | (355) | (218) | |||||
| Profit before taxation | 916 | 563 | |||||
| Tax on profit | (416) | (256) | |||||
| Profit / (loss) for the financial period after taxation | 499 | 307 | |||||
| 2014 | 2013 | |||
| US$ | € | |||
| Fixed assets | ||||
| Tangible assets | 5,637 | 3,483 | ||
| Financial Assets | 8,810 | 5,443 | ||
| 14,447 | 8,927 | |||
| Current assets | ||||
| Debtors | 387,831 | 239,641 | ||
| Cash at bank and in hand | 32,999 | 20,390 | ||
| 420,831 | 260,031 | |||
| Creditors: amounts falling due within one year | (255,617) | (157,946) | ||
| Net current assets | 165,214 | 102,086 | |
| Creditors: amounts falling due after more than one year | (5,273) | (3,258) | |
| Provision for liabilities | (1,900) | (1,174) | |
| Net assets | 172,488 | 106,581 | |
| Capital and reserves | |||
| Called-up share capital presented as equity | 6 | 3 | |
| Other reserve | 64,548 | 39,884 | |
| Profit and loss account | 107,935 | 66,693 | |
| Equity shareholder’s funds | 172,488 | 106,581 | |
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Example 1: Change in accounting policy
Example 2: Revising a residual value of an asset
Example 3: Revising a useful life of an asset
Example 4: Change in accounting estimate disclosure
Example 5: Change in functional currency – extract from notes to the financial statements
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