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Section 22 – Introduction

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Section 22 – Analysis

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Section Downloads

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Section 22-Liabilities and Equity. 

22.1 Scope. 

22.1.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 22.1-22.2. 

22.1.2 OmniPro comment 

22.2 Classification of an instrument as liability or equity. 

22.2.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 22.3. 

22.2.2 OmniPro comment 

22.2.2.1 Definition of financial liability. 

22.2.2.2 Definition of equity. 

22.2.3 Accounting treatment of instruments classified as debt 

22.2.4 Mandatory requirements to pay dividends even if no distributable reserves when classified as a liability  

22.2.5 Treatment of dividend on instruments classified as equity. 

22.2.6 Examples illustrating whether an instrument meets the definition of debt or equity. 

22.2.6.1 Redeemable preference shares at option of the holder with mandatory coupon. 

22.2.6.2 Non-redeemable preference shares with mandatory coupon at market rate. 

22.2.6.3 Non-redeemable preference shares with mandatory coupon at non-market rate or at market rate with option of entity to. 

22.2.6.4 Shares/loan notes redeemable at the option of the holder 

22.2.6.5 Non-redeemable preference shares with discretionary dividend. 

22.2.6.6 Redeemable preference shares at option of issuer with discretionary dividend. 

22.2.6.7 Redeemable preference shares at option of issuer with mandatory. 

22.2.6.8 Mandatory redeemable preference shares/loan note at fixed amount at a fixed or future date with mandatory dividend. 

22.2.6.9 Mandatory redeemable preference shares/loan note at fixed amount at a fixed or future date with dividend payable at the discretion of the issuer 

22.2.6.9.1 Treatment of difference between present value ad actual amount subscribed for 

22.2.6.9.2 Impact of dividend added to redemption amount if declared, even if not mandatory dividend. 

22.2.6.10 Redeemable preference shares at holder’s option at some future date with dividend payable at the discretion of the issuer 

22.2.6.11 Preference shares with dividends payable at the discretion of the issuer and only redeemable on the liquidation of the company. 

22.2.6.11A Preference shares/bonds convertible with a mandatory coupon redeemable at the option at the holder, into a fixed number of ordinary shares at any time up to maturity (see example 17 at 27.11.2.6) 

22.2.6.12 Preference shares/loan notes issued which can be redeemed/converted for no set number of shares in the future but based on amount subscribed. 

22.2.6.13 Fixed for fixed arrangement 

22.2.6.14 Equity issued in return for a forward contract to issue foreign currency. 

22.3.2 OmniPro comment 

22.3.2.1 Overview. 

22.3.2.2 Contingency element is not genuine. 

22.3.2.3 contingency occurring on liquidation. 

22.3.2.4 Exceptions to an instrument being classified as a financial liability –as only represent residual interest in net assets. 

22.3.2.5 Examples of uncertain future/changed events outside the control of the issuer 

22.3.2.6 Example of instruments to be classified as a debt or equity. 

22.4 Original issue of shares or other equity instruments. 

22.4.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 22.7-22.10. 

22.4.2 OmniPro comment – Accounting treatment 

22.4.2.1 Overview. 

22.4.2.2 Transaction cost 

22.4.2.3 Presentation. 

22.4.2.4 Examples of share issues – accounting treatment 

22.5 Exercise of options, rights and warrants. 

22.5.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 22.11. 

22.5.2 OmniPro comment 

22.6 Capitalisation or bonus issues of shares and share splits. 

22.6.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 22.12. 

22.6.2 OmniPro comment 

22.7.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 22.13-22.15. 

22.7.2 OmniPro comment 

22.7.2.1 Determining the split of debt and equity. 

22.7.2.2 Treatment of transaction cost 

22.7.2.3 Subsequent revisions. 

22.7.2.4 Accounting for the liability. 

22.7.2.5 Examples of compound financial instruments. 

22.7.2.6 Compound Financial instrument example. 

22.7.2.7 Accounting for the convertible option once exercised or option to exercise is not taken. 

22.7.2.8 Allocation of transaction costs. 

22.8.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 22.17-22.18. 

22.8.2 OmniPro comment 

22.8.2.1 Distribution of shares classified in equity. 

22.8.2.2 Distributions on shares classified as debt (i.e. On shares classified on debt) 

22.8.2.3 Disclosure of fair value of non-cash distributions. 

22.9 Non-controlling interest and transactions in shares of a consolidated subsidiary. 

22.9.1 Extract from FRS 102 – Section 22.19. 

22.9.2 OmniPro comment 

22.9.2.1 Overview. 

22.9.2.2 Accounting for acquiring a further controlling interest 

22.9.2.3 Accounting for disposals of controlling interests but controlling interest retained. 

22.10 Disclosures. 

22.10.1 OmniPro comment 

22.10.1.1 Statement of changes in equity. 

22.10.1.2 Accounting Policies. 

22.10.1.3 Note to the financial statements. 

22.10.1.4 Notes in relation to dividends

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Downloads


Section 22 Liabilities and Equity Quick Guide (PDF) (125 downloads )

Summary

Section 22 addresses classification of financial instruments as a liability or equity and accounting for compound financial instruments. It applies to the accounting for equity instruments issued to owners of the entity and purchases of own equity.

What is new?

The requirements in Section 22.19 for increases and decreases of non-controlling interest to be accounted for as equity transactions differ significantly from old GAAP. Under old GAAP, an increase in minority interest can give rise to changes in goodwill and a decrease in minority interest to gains and losses.

Section 22 requires non-controlling interest to be included in equity and as an appropriation of profit and total comprehensive income (whereas other presentations were also seen under old GAAP).

The liability component which is considered a complex financial instrument is accounted for under the rules of Section 12 and therefore must be fair valued at each year end. Under old GAAP there was no requirement to fair value the liability instead it was held at original transaction amount less repayment etc.

What is different?

Old GAAP (FRS 25) is more prescriptive in its guidance on puttable instruments imposing an obligation to deliver a pro rata share of the net assets of the entity only on liquidation. It also addresses the reclassification (and accounting on reclassification) of such instruments between equity and financial liabilities which is not specifically addressed in Section 22.

Section 22 gives more specific guidance on the issuance of equity instruments including   the treatment of equity instruments subscribed for but not issued. This was not specifically addressed under old GAAP. Section 22 specifically requires that equity instruments issued are measured at the fair value of the cash or other resources receivable net of direct costs of issuing the equity instruments.

Section 22.9 makes it clear that transaction costs should be deducted from equity whereas under old GAAP this was not specifically dealt with so some entities may have expensed the transaction cost.

The fair value of non-cash asset distributions must be disclosed under FRS 102. Old GAAP was silent on this issue.

What are the key points?

Equity is the residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all its liabilities.

A financial liability is:

If the issuer does not have the unconditional right to avoid settling in cash or by delivery of another financial asset, and settlement is dependent on the occurrence or non-occurrence of uncertain future events beyond the control of the issuer and the holder, the instrument is a financial liability of the issuer unless:

Equity should be measured at the fair value of cash received net of direct costs.

Compound financial instruments are instruments that contain both a liability and equity component. To make the allocation, the entity shall first determine the amount of the liability component as the fair value of a similar liability that does not have a conversion feature or similar associated equity component. The entity shall allocate the residual amount as the equity component (Section 22.13). Transaction costs should be allocated on basis of the respective fair value.

Once it has been determined that the instrument is a liability then it should be accounted for under Section 11 Basic Financial Instruments and Section 12 Other Financial Instruments Issues as applicable.

If the instrument is redeemable at the option of the holder and dividend is mandated then it should be treated as a financial liability.

Changes in Non-controlling interest which do not result in loss of control are accounted for as a transaction in equity.

Non-controlling interest to be shown as a separate component of equity

Other standards affecting Section 22 where differences arise:

Section 35 – Transition to FRS 102 – A first time adopter does not have to split a compound financial instrument if the liability component is not outstanding at the date of transition (Section 35.8).

Section 35 – Transition to FRS 102 – Section 35.9 deals with non-controlling interests and mandates the below to be applied prospectively from the date of transition to FRS 102:

Section 11 – Basic Financial instruments and Section 12 – Other financial instruments issues – Accounting for financial liabilities which has been addressed in the respective sections of this guide.

Section 29 – Income tax – Current tax on any share issue costs recognised in equity need to be posted to equity whereas under old GAAP this was posted to the tax line in the profit and loss.

What do accountants need to do?

Be aware of the differences between old GAAP and Section 22 so that they can audit the transition and advise clients of its impact.

Review their client portfolio to see do any clients have preference shares or shares with unusual rights which may have both a debt and equity element i.e. compound financial instruments. If so, advise clients of the need to account for the debt and equity element on transition.

Do a fresh review of all preferences shares and loan notes held in client companies to ensure that they have been accounted for correctly in the past and they are being accounted for correctly on transition.

What do Companies need to do?

Be aware of the differences between old GAAP and Section 22 so that they can determine the adjustments they will need to post on transition to FRS 102.

Review the types of equity issued by the entity to assess whether preference shares or shares with unusual rights which may have both a debt and equity element exist and then loan notes determine the fair value of the debt element so that the accounting adjustments can be determined.

Be aware of the rule in section 19 dealing with increases and decreases in non-controlling interests which states that these are accounted for as an equity transaction.

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Examples

Example 1: Redeemable preference shares at option of the holder with mandatory coupon. 

Example 2: Non-redeemable preference shares with mandatory coupon at market rate. 

Example 3: Non-redeemable preference shares with mandatory coupon at non-market rate or at market rate with option of entity to pay. 

Example 4: Shares redeemable at the option of the holder 

Example 5:  Non-redeemable preference shares with discretionary dividend. 

Example 6:  Redeemable preference shares at option of issuer with discretionary dividend. 

Example 7:  Redeemable preference shares at option of issuer with mandatory dividend. 

Example 8:  Mandatory redeemable preference shares at fixed amount at a fixed or future date with mandatory dividend  

Example 9:  Mandatory redeemable preference shares at fixed amount at a fixed or future date with dividend payable at the discretion of the issuer 

Example 10:  Redeemable preference shares at holder’s option at some future date with dividend payable at the discretion of the issuer 

Example 11: Preference shares with dividends payable at the discretion of the issuer and only redeemable on the liquidation of the company. 

Example 11A: Preference shares/bonds convertible with a mandatory coupon redeemable at the option at the holder, into a fixed number of ordinary shares at any time up to maturity. 

Example 12: Preference shares issued which can be redeemed/converted for no set number of share in the future but based on amount subscribed. 

Example 13: Fixed for fixed arrangement 

Example 13A: Application of Section 22.3(b)(ii) of FRS 102. 

Example 13B: Future contingency amount 

Example 13C: Future contingency. 

Example 14: Accounting treatment on original issue of shares. 

Example 15: Accounting treatment on original issue of shares – left as unpaid. 

Example 16: Capitalisation/bonus issue. 

Example 17: Accounting treatment for a compound financial instrument 

Example 18: compound instrument where conversion is chosen. 

Example 19: compound instrument where conversion is chosen. 

Example 20: Accounting for transaction costs in acquiring a compound financial instrument 

Example 21: Acquiring a further controlling interest 

Example 22: Acquiring a further controlling interest 

Example 23: Disposing of controlling interest but controlling interest retained. 

Example 24: Extract of Statement of Changes in Equity from financial statements. 

Example 25: Extract from accounting policies note. 

Example 27: Extract from notes to the financial statements – share capital 

Example 28: Extract from notes to the financial statements – dividends on equity shares. 

Example 29: Extract from notes to the financial statements – disclosure of preference dividend/convertible loan in interest payable. 

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Section 22 - Transition Adjustments (4 downloads )

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Section 22 Liabilities and Equity Detailed Guide (PDF) (197 downloads )

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FRS 102 35 Part Differences Quick Guide (859 downloads )


FRS 102 35 Part Differences Guide (581 downloads )


FRS 102 Differences on Transition Checklist (1119 downloads )


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Fillable Differences on Transition Checklist (866 downloads )

Website Links

Difference Guide – Liabilities and Equity

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Section 22 Disclosure Examples (63 downloads )

 


FRS 102 Disclosure Checklist (PDF) (745 downloads )

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