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Contents

15.1 Scope.

15.2 Definition of joint ventures.

15.2.1 Extract from FRS 102: Section 15.2 – 15.3.

15.2.2 OmniPro comment.

15.2.2.1 What forms of entities can be considered a joint venture.

15.2.2.2 What happens where one of the venturers manage the joint venture?

15.2.2.3 Examples of strategic, financial or operating decisions that would require unanimous consent.

15.2.2.4 What types of joint ventures are there?

15.2.2.5 What is defined as the strategic, financial and operating decisions?

15.2.2.5.1 What is defined a control for the purpose of joint control?

15.2.2.6 What is meant by a contractual arrangement?

15.2.2.7 Is there a requirement for the same percentage holding to be held?

15.2.2.7.1 Determining if joint control exists.

15.3 Jointly controlled operations.

15.3.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 15.4 – 15.5.

15.3.2 OmniPro comment.

15.3.2.1 Jointly controlled operations – Defined.

15.3.2.1.1 Example of a jointly controlled operation.

15.3.2.2 Accounting for a jointly controlled operation.

15.3.2.2.1 Loans to jointly controlled operations.

15.3.2.2.2 Accounting for a jointly controlled operation – worked example.

15.4 Jointly controlled assets.

15.4.1 Extract from FRS 102 15.6 – 15.7.

15.4.2 OmniPro comment.

15.4.2.1 Jointly controlled assets – defined.

15.5 Jointly controlled entities.

15.5.1 Extract from FRS 102 15.8 – 15.9B.

15.5.2 OmniPro comment.

15.5.2.1 Jointly controlled entities – defined.

15.5.2.2 Accounting for Jointly controlled entities.

15.5.2.2.1 Accounting policy choice.

15.5.2.2.1.1 Investor the is not a parent or is a parent but is exempt from preparing consolidated accounts (i.e. Individual entity accounts).

15.5.2.2.1.2 Investor is a parent and prepares consolidated financial statements and does not hold associate as part of an investment portfolio.

15.5.2.2.1.3 Investor is a parent that prepares consolidated financial statements and holds associate as part of an investment portfolio.

15.6 Cost model.

15.6.1 Extract from FRS 102 15.10 – 15.11.

15.6.2 OmniPro comment.

15.6.2.1 Measurement.

15.6.2.1.1 Definition of cost.

15.6.2.2 Impairments.

15.6.2.3 Deferred tax under the cost model.

15.6.2.4 Illustration of the cost model.

15.6.2.5 Recognition of Income.

15.7 Equity method.

15.7.1 Extract from FRS 102: Section 15.13, 15.16, 15.17 and extract from Section 14.8.

15.7.2 OmniPro comment.

15.7.2.1 Overview.

15.7.2.2 Application of equity accounting.

15.7.2.2.1 Goodwill.

15.7.2.2.2 Worked example illustrating equity accounting requirements.

15.7.2.3 Impairments.

15.7.2.3.1 Impairment review required even where associate has booked an impairment in its own financial statement.

15.7.2.4 Transactions with joint venturers’.

15.7.2.4.0 Overview.

15.7.2.4.1 Sales and purchases.

15.7.2.4.1.1 Overview.

15.7.2.4.1.2 Elimination of profit where investor sells goods to joint venture.

15.7.2.4.1.3 Sale of assets to and from joint ventures.

15.7.2.5 Date of joint venture financial statements (Section 14.8(f) of FRS 102).

15.7.2.6 Uniform Accounting policies (Section 14.8 (g) of FRS 102).

15.7.2.7 Losses in excess of investment (Section 14.8(h) of FRS 102).

15.7.2.8 Deferred tax on unremitted earning in the consolidated financial statements.

15.7.2.8.1 Overview.

15.7.2.8.2 Timing difference to reverse through sale.

15.7.2.8.3 Timing difference to reverse through receipt of dividends.

15.7.2.8.4 Example of deferred tax on unremitted earnings.

15.8 Discontinuing the equity method.

15.8.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 14.8(i) and section 15.18.

15.8.2 OmniPro comment.

15.8.2.1 Overview.

15.8.2.2 Illustration of the requirements where equity accounting is discontinued or joint venture is disposed of (or part thereof).

15.8.2.2.1 Full derecognition of joint venture due to sale.

15.8.2.2.2 Partial derecognition of joint venture due to sale but joint control still retained.

15.8.2.2.3 Transfer of joint venture as a result of loss of joint control due to sale.

15.8.2.2.4 Loss of joint control not due to sale.

15.9 Initial carrying amount of a joint venture following loss of control of an entity (moving from a subsidiary to a joint venture).

15.10 Step increase in an existing joint venture.

15.11 Step increase from investment/financial asset to joint venture.

15.12 Fair value model for a jointly controlled entity.

15.12.1 Extracts from FRS102-Section 15.14-15.15A.

15.12.2 OmniPro comment.

15.12.2.0 Overview.

15.12.2.1 Fair value through other comprehensive income (OCI).

15.12.2.1.1 Measurement and recognition.

15.12.2.1.2 Treatment of transaction costs.

15.12.2.1.3 Frequency of valuations.

15.12.2.1.4 What happens when fair value cannot be measured reliably.

15.12.2.1.5 Deferred tax.

15.12.2.1.6 Example of application of Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income model.

15.12.2.1.7 Recognition of income.

15.12.2.2 Fair value through the profit and loss.

15.12.2.2.1 Measurement and recognition.

15.12.2.2.1.1 Fair value.

15.12.2.2.2 Frequency of valuations.

15.12.2.2.3 What happens when fair value cannot be measured reliably?

15.12.2.2.4 Example of application of Fair Value through profit and loss model.

15.13 Disclosures in individual and consolidated financial statements.

15.13.1 Extracts from FRS102-Section 15.19 – 15.21A.

15.13.2 OmniPro comment.

15.13.2.1 Analysis.

15.13.2.2 Consolidated financial statements.

15.13.2.2.1 Accounting policies – consolidated financial statements.

15.13.2.2.2 Notes to the financial Statements.

15.13.2.2.3 Consolidated profit and loss account showing share of joint venture interest.

15.13.2.3 Parent entity financial statements.

15.13.2.3.1 Accounting policies.

15.13.2.3.2 Notes to the financial statements.

15.13.2.3.3 Profit and loss account for entity that is not a parent.

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15.13 Disclosures in individual and consolidated financial statements
15.13.1 Extracts from FRS102-Section 15.19 – 15.21A

15.19 The financial statements shall disclose the following:

(a) the accounting policy for recognising investments in jointly controlled entities;

(b) the carrying amount of investments in jointly controlled entities;

(c) the fair value of investments in jointly controlled entities accounted for using the equity method for which there are published price quotations; and

(d) the aggregate amount of its commitments relating to joint ventures, including its share in the capital commitments that have been incurred jointly with other ventures’, as well as its share of the capital commitments of the joint ventures themselves.

15.20 For jointly controlled entities accounted for in accordance with the equity method, the venturer shall disclose separately its share of the profit or loss of such investments and its share of any discontinued operations of such jointly controlled entities.

15.21 For jointly controlled entities accounted for in accordance with paragraph 15.9(c), the venturer shall make the disclosures required by paragraphs 11.43 and 11.44.

15.21A The individual financial statements of a venturer that is not a parent shall disclose summarised financial information about the investments in the jointly controlled entities, along with the effect of including those investments as if they had been accounted for using the equity method. Investing entities that are exempt from preparing consolidated financial statements, or would be exempt if they had subsidiaries, are exempt from this requirement.

15.13.2 OmniPro comment
15.13.2.1 Analysis

See below illustration of the disclosure requirements in Section 15.19 to 15.21A of FRS 102.. Company law also requires where a parent entity is exempt from the requirement to prepare consolidated financial statements and no consolidated financial statements are prepared by any entity further up the group on the basis that it does not exceed the thresholds that would require consolidated financial statements to be prepared, then for all investments of 20 % or greater, it must disclose details of the net assets, results for the period, percentage ownership, name, registered office and nature of the business in the parent entity financial statements.

In the consolidated financial statements, a note should be included disclosing details of the percentage ownership, name, registered office and nature of the business for all investments of 20% or greater.

In the consolidated financial statements, the share of profit/(loss) in joint venture is shown after group operating profit. The share of the profits/(losses) of the joint venture is the after tax result including posting to OCI in the joint venture and any consolidation adjustments with regard to goodwill etc.

The investment should be classified under tangible fixed assets as a financial asset in accordance with Company law.

15.13.2.2 Consolidated financial statements

15.13.2.2.1 Accounting policies – consolidated financial statements
Example 22: Extract from the accounting policy notes to the consolidated financial statements

Basis of consolidation

The Group financial statements reflect the consolidation of the results, assets and liabilities of the parent undertaking, the Company and all of its subsidiaries, together with the Group’s share of profits/losses of associates and joint ventures.  Where a subsidiary, associate or joint venture is acquired or disposed of during the financial year, the Group financial statements include the attributable results from, or to, the effective date when control passes, or, in the case of associates, when significant influence is lost.

Subsidiary undertakings

Subsidiaries are all entities (including special purpose entities) over which the Group has the power to govern the financial and operating policies generally accompanying a shareholding of more than one half of the voting rights. The existence and effect of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible are considered when assessing whether the Group controls another entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group. They are de-consolidated from the date that control ceases.

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for business combinations by the Group. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary is the fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred and the equity interests issued by the Group. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Acquisition related costs are capitalised with the cost of the investment. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. On an acquisition by acquisition basis, the Group recognises any non-controlling interest in the acquiree either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquiree’s net assets.

The excess of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree and the acquisition date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquiree over the fair value of the group’s share of identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If this is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired in the case of a bargain purchase, the difference is recognised as negative goodwill on the balance sheet and amortised through the profit and loss account in the period in which the non-monetary assets are recovered.

Associates and joint ventures

Associates are those entities in which the Group has significant influence over, but not control of, the financial and operating policies.  Joint ventures are those entities over which the Group has joint control, established by contractual agreement and requiring unanimous consent for strategic, financial and operating decisions. Investments in associates and joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.

Under the equity method of accounting, the Group’s share of the post-acquisition profits or losses of its associates and joint ventures is recognised in the income statement.  The income statement reflects, in profit before tax, the Group’s share of profit after tax of its associates and joint ventures in accordance with Section 14 of FRS102, ‘Investments in Associates’ and Section 15 of FRS 102, ‘Interests in Joint Ventures’. The Group’s interest in their net assets is included as investments in associates and joint ventures in the Group Statement of Financial Position at an amount representing the Group’s share of the fair value of the identifiable net assets at acquisition plus the Group’s share of post acquisition retained income and expenses.  The Group’s investment in associates and joint ventures includes goodwill on acquisition.  The amounts included in the financial statements in respect of the post acquisition income and expenses of associates and joint ventures are taken from their latest financial statements prepared up to their respective year ends together with management accounts for the intervening periods to the Group’s year end.  The fair value of any investment retained in a former subsidiary is regarded as a cost on initial recognition of an investment in an associate or joint venture. Where necessary, the accounting policies of associates and joint ventures have been changed to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

Transactions eliminated on consolidation

Intra-group balances and any unrealised gains and losses or income and expenses arising from intra-group transactions, are eliminated in preparing the Group financial statements.  Unrealised gains and income and expenses arising from transactions with associates and joint ventures are eliminated to the extent of the Group’s interest in the entity.  Unrealised losses are eliminated in the same way as unrealised gains, but only to the extent that they do not provide evidence of impairment.

15.13.2.2.2 Notes to the financial Statements
Example 23: Extract from notes to the financial statements – Joint Venture undertakings note in the consolidated financial statements and example of consolidated profit and loss account

Financial assets

Investments in joint venture

2015

CU

2014

CU

At 1 January XXXX XXXX
Share of profits after tax XXX XXX
Dividends received (XXX) (XXX)
Loss on dilution of investment (XX) (XX)
Arising on acquisition XX XX
Share of other comprehensive (expense)/income (XXX) (XXX)
                                         
At 31 December XXXX  XXXX 
Name and Registered Office Nature of Business Nature of Shares Held % of Share Class Held
Subsidiary undertakings

(i) XXXX Limited

Address 1, Address 2

Machinery Manufacturing Ordinary share capital 100%
This investment has been fully provided against.

(ii) XXXX Limited

Address 1, Address 2

Patent holding company Ordinary share capital 100%
Associate

(iii) XXXX Limited

Address 1, Address 2

Machinery Manufacturing Ordinary share capital 25%
Joint Venture

(iv) XXXX Limited

Address 1, Address 2

Machinery Manufacturing Ordinary share capital 50%
15.13.2.2.3 Consolidated profit and loss account showing share of joint venture interest

Extract from the consolidated profit and loss account showing share of joint venture interest

2015 2014
CU CU
Turnover XXXXX XXXXX
Cost of sales

(XXXX)

                       

(XXXX)

                       

Gross profit XXXX XXXX
Operating expenses (XXX) (XXX)
Other operating income

XXX

                       

XXX

                       

Group operating profit XXX XXX
Share of profit in joint venture               XXX               XXX
Profit before interest and taxation XXXX  XXXX
Interest receivable  XXX XXX
Interest payable

(XXX)

                       

(XXX)

                       

Profit before taxation             XXXX XXXX
Tax on profit

(XXX)

                       

(XXX)

                       

Profit for the financial year               XXX               XXX
15.13.2.3 Parent entity financial statements

15.13.2.3.1 Accounting policies
Example 24: Extract from accounting policy notes to the financial statements for the parent entity financial statements and for an entity that holds a joint venture interest but is not required to prepare consolidated financial statements

THE BELOW IS TO BE INCLUDED WHERE THE PARENT COMPANY IS EXEMPT FROM CONSOLIDATION DUE TO ITS IMMEDIATE PARENT COMPANY (WHICH IS IN THE EEA) PREPARING CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated accounts

The company has not prepared consolidated accounts for the period as, being a wholly owned subsidiary of the ultimate parent company, XXXXXX Limited, it is exempted from doing so under Section 9 of FRS 102 which is accommodated under Section 299 of the Companies Act 2014 and its reference to the EU 7th Directive equivalence.

THE BELOW IS TO BE INCLUDED WHERE THE PARENT COMPANY IS EXEMPT FROM CONSOLIDATION DUE TO ITS ULTIMATE PARENT COMPANY (WHICH IS IN OR OUTSIDE THE EEA) PREPARING CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated accounts

The company has not prepared consolidated accounts for the period as, being a wholly owned subsidiary of the ultimate parent company, XXXXXX Limited, it is exempted from doing so under Section 9 of FRS 102 which is accommodated under Section 300 of the Companies Act 2014 and its reference to the EU 7th Directive equivalence.

THE BELOW IS TO BE INCLUDED WHERE THE PARENT COMPANY IS EXEMPT FROM CONSOLIDATION DUE TO THE GROUP BEIING CONSIDERED A SMALL COMPANY UNDER COMPANY LAW

Consolidation

The company and its subsidiaries combined meet the size exemption criteria for a group and the company is therefore exempt from the requirement to prepare consolidated financial statements by virtue of Section 293(1A) of the Companies Act 2014. Consequently, these financial statements deal with the results of the company as a single entity.

Financial assets

Financial assets are stated at cost less provision for any diminution in value.

Financial assets which can be reliably measured are measured at their fair value.

Dividends

Dividends from the company’s shares are recognised as income on receipt of the dividend. 


15.13.2.3.2 Notes to the financial statements
Example 25: Extract from notes to the financial statements for the parent entity financial statements – Financial asset note
Financial assets Subsidiary Undertakings Joint Venture and associates Other investments Total
                CU                 CU                 CU                 CU
Cost
At 1 January 2015

XXX

  XXX

 XXX

 XXX

Additions

XXX

 XXX

 XXX

 XXX

Fair value adjustments

  XXX

     –

 XXX

Disposals

 (XXX)

                         

    –

                         

                         

(XXX)

                         

At 31 December 2015

 XXX

                         

XXX

                         

XXX

                         

XXX

                         

Amounts provided:
At 1 January 2015

XXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

Additional provision

XXX

                    

                    

    –

                    

     XXX

                    

At 31 December 2015

       XXX

                       

      XXX

                       

      XXX

                       

     XXX

                     

Carrying amount
At 31 December 2015

XXXX

XXXX

XXXX

XXXX

At 31 December 2014

XXXX

XXXX XXXX

XXXX

Name and Registered Office Nature of Business Nature of Shares Held % of Share Class Held
Subsidiary undertakings

(v) XXXX Limited

Address 1, Address 2

Machinery Manufacturing Ordinary share capital 100%
This investment has been fully provided against.

(vi) XXXX Limited

Address 1, Address 2

Patent holding company Ordinary share capital 100%
Associate

(vii) XXXX Limited

Address 1, Address 2

Machinery Manufacturing Ordinary share capital 25%
Joint Venture

(viii) XXXX Limited

Address 1, Address 2

Machinery Manufacturing Ordinary share capital 50%

Example 26: Extract from notes to the financial statements for the for an entity that holds an associate/subsidiary/joint venture interest but is not required to prepare consolidated financial statements – Financial asset note
Financial assets Subsidiary Undertakings Joint Venture and Associates Other investments Total

CU

CU

  CU

  CU

Cost
At 1 January 2015, 1 January 2014 & 1 January 2013

   XXX

   XXX

  XXX

XXX

Additions

XXX

  XXX

 XXX

     XXX

Fair value adjustments

    –

 XXX

 XXX

Disposals

  (XXX)

                         

                    

 –

                      

 (XXX)

                     

At 31 December 2015

 XXX

                         

 XXX

                       

 XXX

                         

 XXX

                    

Amounts provided:
At 1 January 2015, 1 January 2014 & 1 January 2013

 XXX

 XXX

 XXX

XXX

Additional provision

  XXX

                          

                    

                    

XX

                    

At 31 December 2015

 XXX

                     

XXX

                    

 XXX

                         

XXX

                    

Carrying amount
At 31 December 2015

 XXXX

XXXX

XXXX

XXXX

At 31 December 2014

XXXX

XXXX

XXXX

XXXX

(a) Investment in Subsidiary undertakings are stated at cost less impairment. Other investments are held at cost less impairment.

Investments in joint ventures are measured at fair value based on valuation models which make the most of external market data such that the fair value represents the estimated value that could be obtained in an arm’s length transaction under normal business conditions. The discounted cash flows use a discount rate of 10%. The valuation used a multiple of earnings which is consistent with industry norms

(b)  Details of investments in which the parent Company holds 20% or more of the nominal value of any class of share capital are as follows:

Name and Registered Office Nature of Business Nature of Shares Held %of Share Class Held Net Assets/ Liabilities Results for year
CU CU
Subsidiary undertakings

(ix) XXXX Limited

Address 1, Address 2

Machinery Manufacturing Ordinary share capital 100%

XXXX

XXXX

This investment has been fully provided against.

(x) XXXX Limited

Address 1, Address 2

Patent holding company Ordinary share capital 100%

XXX

XXXX

Associate

(xi) XXXX Limited

Address 1, Address 2

Machinery Manufacturing Ordinary share capital 25%

XXXX

XXXX

Joint Venture

(xii) XXXX Limited

Address 1, Address 2

Machinery Manufacturing Ordinary share capital 50%

XXXX

XXXX


15.13.2.3.3 Profit and loss account for entity that is not a parent
Example 27: Extract from the profit and loss account for an entity which is not a parent that holds an investment in an associate/joint venture or an entity that is a parent but consolidated financial statements are not required to be prepared where income is received from an associate/joint venture/subsidiary
              2015               2014
                CU                 CU
Turnover

Cost of sales

(XXX)

                         

   (XXX)

                    

Gross profit

 –

  –

Administrative expenses

 (XXX)

                     

                    

Operating loss

(XXX)

 –

Income from shares in joint venture

XXXX

 –

Income from other financial assets

XXXX

 –

Interest payable

 (XX)

                    

 (XXX)

                     

Profit/(loss) before taxation

 86,442

(22)


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Example

Example 1: Determining if joint control exists.

Example 2: Loans to jointly controlled operation.

Example 3: Accounting for a jointly controlled operation.

Example 4: Jointly controlled assets.

Example 5: Cost model.

Example 5A: Dividend paid out of pre-acquisition reserves.

Example 6: Equity method accounting.

Example 7: Elimination of profit where investor sells goods to joint venture.

Example 8: Sale of asset from venturer to joint venture at profit.

Example 9: Sale of asset from venturer to joint venture at loss.

Example 10: Sale of asset from joint venture to venturer at loss (Section 15.17 of FRS 102).

Example 11: loss in excess of investment.

Example 12: Deferred tax on unremitted earnings.

Example 13: Full derecognition of joint venture due to sale.

Example 14: Partial derecognition of a joint venture due to sale but joint control still retained.

Example 15: Transfer of joint venture as a result of loss of joint control due to sale.

Example 16: Loss of joint control not due to sale.

Example 17: Initial carrying amount of a joint venture following loss of control of an entity (moving from a subsidiary to a joint venture).

Example 18: Step increase in an existing joint venture.

Example 19: Step increase from investment /financial asset to associate.

Example 20: Adoption of fair value through other comprehensive income.

Example 21: Adoption of fair value through profit and loss.

Example 22: Extract from the accounting policy notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Example 23: Extract from notes to the financial statements – Joint Venture undertakings note in the consolidated financial statements and example of consolidated profit and loss account.

Example 24: Extract from accounting policy notes to the financial statements for the parent entity financial statements and for an entity that holds a joint venture interest but is not required to prepare consolidated financial statements.

Example 25: Extract from notes to the financial statements for the parent entity financial statements – Financial asset note.

Example 26: Extract from notes to the financial statements for the for an entity that holds an associate/subsidiary/joint venture interest but is not required to prepare consolidated financial statements – Financial asset note.

Example 27: Extract from the profit and loss account for an entity which is not a parent that holds an investment in an associate/joint venture or an entity that is a parent but consolidated financial statements are not required to be prepared where income is received from an associate/joint venture/subsidiary.

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